The culture of the Indus valley was an ancient civilization on the fertile plain of the Indus River and its surroundings. Evidence of religious beliefs in this region is dated around 5500 BCE. Farming settlements started around 4000 BCE and the first signs of urbanization emerged at around 3000 BCE. By 2600 BCE hundreds of cities and towns had been founded and the Indus Valley Civilization was at its peak between 2500 and 2000 BCE. Two towns, in particular, were excavated at the Mohenjo-Daro sites on the lower Indus, and further upstream at Harappa. Around 1800 BCE the civilization of the Indus Valley saw the beginning of its decline period. Writing began to vanish, uniform weights and measures used for the purposes of trade and taxes were abolished, the link with the Near East was broken, and some cities were phased out. The reasons for this decline are not entirely clear, but it is assumed that the main cause was the drying up of the Sara Swati River, a cycle that had started around 1900 BCE. Pakistan is a land full of color and contrast offering an incredible wealth of culture, heritage, and natural beauty to adventurous travelers. This amazing journey involves everything from Sufi tombs and desert fortifications to busy bazaars and lively cities as you ride from Karachi streets and deep into Punjab. Starting in Karachi, you will have the opportunity to discover one of the most thrilling and historic cities in Pakistan, before moving through a landscape lined with ruins of the World Heritage and dazzling mausoleums of Sufi. You will discover the tombs of some of the most respected mystics and poets in the region, visit Mohenjo-Daro’s World Heritage Ruins, and venture into the Cholistan deserts to see Derawar’s mighty fortress. In Multan, you will then have the opportunity to visit the famed Sufi City before finishing your journey to Lahore, Punjab’s cultural center. Here, among the chaos and clamor of one of the country’s most vibrant cities, you’ll spend a day discovering the Mogul, Sikh, and British Empires’s historical and religious reminders. It is assumed that the settlement system of the Indus civilization consisted of two major cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, and more than one hundred small towns and villages. Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro are also recognized as Twin Cities of Indus Valley Civilization, based on similarity in architecture and other artifacts recovered through excavation. The main excavation centers of this civilization were Mohenjo-Daro on the Indus River in the Sindh province district of Larkana, and Harappa on the Ravi River in the Punjab province of Pakistan district of Sahiwal. We are organizing the Indus valley civilization tour starting in Karachi and ending in Lahore or Islamabad.